Bentonite is a clay often derived from the alteration of volcanic ash, primarily composed of smectite minerals, especially montmorillonite. In addition to montmorillonite, it may also contain quartz, feldspar, calcite, and gypsum. Bentonite is known for its strong colloidal properties and swells significantly when in contact with water, forming a gelatinous and viscous fluid. Due to its unique properties, such as hydration, swelling, water absorption, viscosity, and thixotropy, bentonite is essential for a wide variety of applications.